Elevated serum AFP-levels > 10 ng/mL (>20 ng/mL) in non-HCC patients were documented most frequently in HCV patients with 11.5% (5.0%) and in HBV patients with 8.5% (4.6%), compared to the cohort with liver diseases of other etiology with 7.4% (1.9%). The gene discussed is AFP; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.