VEGFA and laryngotracheoesophageal cleft: The results of the in vivo studies on primary LC animal model using male Sprague–Dawley (SD) showed that among all the studied formulations, LPE had the highest anticancer effect with the downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and the enhancement of malignant cell apoptosis following the intratracheal administration.