On one hand, chronic HIF-1α expression, measured using direct [overexpression (235, 236)] or indirect [PHD or VHL deletion (237, 238)] methods, shows HIF-1α induces cardiomyopathy in normoxic states and sudden cardiac decompensation when exposed to stressors such as pressure overload (236). This evidence concerns the gene HIF1A and cardiomyopathy.