Furthermore, a panel consisting of six urinary proteins (ACP2, PLD3, HLA-C, GGH, CALML3 and IL2RB) has the potential to serve as diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets of CAS and distinguish symptomatic from asymptomatic CAS well with the value of early prediction of ischemic stroke or TIA caused by CAS. This evidence concerns the gene PLD3 and transient ischemic attack.