More broadly, a direct use of MSCs as a cellular anti-cancer therapy also proved to be difficult since the cells do not survive long enough to exhibit any beneficial effects (Levy et al., 2020) and were even shown to promote tumor growth in mouse models of MLL-AF9 AML and metastasic solid cancers (Okumura et al., 2009; Spaeth et al., 2009; Xu et al., 2009; Hanoun et al., 2014). This evidence concerns the gene MLLT3 and acute myeloid leukemia.