More broadly, a direct use of MSCs as a cellular anti-cancer therapy also proved to be difficult since the cells do not survive long enough to exhibit any beneficial effects (Levy et al., 2020) and were even shown to promote tumor growth in mouse models of MLL-AF9 AML and metastasic solid cancers (Okumura et al., 2009; Spaeth et al., 2009; Xu et al., 2009; Hanoun et al., 2014). The gene discussed is KMT2A; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.