CXCR4 and breast carcinoma: Huang et al. (2009) reported that CTCE-9908 can target the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis and inhibit primary tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancer. Hassan et al. (2011) also found that CTCE-9908 combined with the anti-angiogenic agent DC101 also reduced the volume of the primary tumor and distant metastasis compared with DC101 alone. Moreover, an in vitro experiment proved that CTCE-9908 can inhibit the growth, invasion, and metastasis of prostate cancer (Wong et al., 2014).