IL1B and infection: Callaway and colleagues (2015b) have shown ADE induces IL-1β in human monocyte cultures, which is similar to our studies where IL-1β increased in secondary infection. Recently, experimental evidence has shown DENV-2 non-structural proteins NS1 (Quirino-Teixeira et al., 2020), NS2A, and NS2B (Shrivastava et al., 2020) trigger IL-1β secretion, indicating our observation of elevated level of DENV-2 in DF is probably due to non-structural proteins (NS1, N2A, and N2B); however, further research is needed.