The NS5 of DENV-2 induces IL-8 (Medin et al., 2005; Rawlinson et al., 2009); our observation of increased IL-8 in DF can be attributed to this phenomenon of NS5 induction of IL-8, thus indicating DENV infection and its non-structural protein are sufficient to induce IL-6, IL-10, GM-CSF, IFNγ, and TNFα in DF. Here, TNF is linked to dengue disease.