Similarly, PCa cell-derived EVs contain TGFβ and stimulate the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into myofibroblasts, which secrete high levels of VEGF-A, HGF, and MMPs, such as MMP-1, -3, and -13, have pro-angiogenic functions and enhanced tumor cell proliferation and progression105. This evidence concerns the gene MMP1 and posterior cortical atrophy.