IL4 and infection: We recorded significant upregulation of expression of IL-12p35, IL-4 and IL-10 and a slight increase in IFN-γ expression by S. Typhimurium-infected chMoDCs in comparison with that in the S. Gallinarum group at the early phase of infection (6 h), whereas S. Gallinarum favored strong upregulation of mRNA expression of IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12p35 (marginal increase) at the late phase of infection (24 h) (Fig. 6b and Supplementary Table S4).