In support of this interpretation, the analysis of RNA-seq data from MERS-CoV infected human lung adenocarcinoma cells (Calu-3) detected the upregulation of AHR and AHR-pathway related genes (CYP1A1, CYP1B1, TIPARP) suggesting increased AHR signaling (Fig. 1c-e), alongside with additional pathways activated by other CoVs, including mTOR, apoptosis, and sumoylation (Fig. 1d, Supplementary Data 1). Here, TIPARP is linked to lung adenocarcinoma.