Concurring with the results from oral MALT HIV infection in vitro (Fig. 3), HIV+ patients on cART also had a significantly higher percentage of PD-1highFOXP3+ cells, co-expressing IFN-γ, IL-10, and elevated expression of AREG and BCL-2 in the oral mucosa (Fig. 8B, C, upper right quadrants, Fig. 8D–J, and Supplementary Fig. 19; FMO controls). The gene discussed is AREG; the disease is HIV infectious disease.