Interestingly a small proportion of PD-1neg Treg or CD45ROneg naive Treg cells can also upregulate PD-1 and IFN-γ in the context of HIV infection (and not TLR2 stimulation alone; Fig. 5A, see Uninfected), which also show higher proliferation with TLR2 and IL-1β stimulation in the context of HIV infection (Supplementary Figs. 13 and 14). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and HIV infectious disease.