PDCD1 and neoplasm: Given that a significant proportion of CD8+ TILs were found to be PD-1+CTLA-4+ (Fig. 6i), a status that is associated with CD8 + T cell exhaustion64,67,68, we examined the status of CD8+ TILs to find out whether our localized combination therapy could rescue the proliferation of tumor-reactive CD8+ cells.