Accordingly, in the optimal protocol, but not the other two protocols, intratumoral CD8+ T cell:Treg ratios and tumor antigen (NY-ESO-1)-specific CD8+ T cell:Treg ratios were significantly increased in the combination treatment group compared with either treatment alone (figure 1G and online supplemental figure S3C), indicating that the immune balance (effector vs inhibitory) in the TME is shifted toward effector T cell responses against the tumor by the optimal combination treatment. Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.