In some control and ALS cases, neuronal hemoglobin labelling was observed in neurofilament H (SMI-32)-positive anterior horn motor neurons (Fig. 2j–m), as is seen in human cortical neurons [38, 39], or in cells in the dorsal white matter of the spinal cord which were negative for markers of microglia (Iba1, CD14) or astrocytes (GFAP) (images not shown). Here, AIF1 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.