Hsp 70 and Hsp 90 act as ‘danger-associated molecular pattern’ agents that can bind to and trigger the Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR-5) and TLR-4 on antigen-presenting cells to produce cytokines that activate and enable NK cells (and possibly cytotoxic T cells) to launch a cytoloytic attack against Hsp-positive tumour cells. The gene discussed is TLR5; the disease is neoplasm.