Meanwhile, the significant decrease in pro-inflammatory adipokines such as leptin, TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1, and increase in anti-inflammatory adipokines such as adiponectin in HFD SG group compared to HFD sham group were found in our study, which might be beneficial for weight loss and improvement of hyperinsulinemia after SG in obese rats. Here, CCL2 is linked to hyperinsulinism.