In chronic HIV infection, ILC3 were partially restored after two years of suppressive cART, ILC1 and ILC2 remained completely depleted [24], which is contradictory to our findings of lower ILC3 and elevated ILC1 levels among HIV-infected relative to healthy HIV-uninfected from the same community, despite 12 years of suppressive cART with restoration of CD4 counts to at least 500 cells/μl. Here, CD4 is linked to HIV infectious disease.