LMNA and familial dilated cardiomyopathy: Interestingly, whereas most missense mutations in the LMNA gene are exclusively associated with DCM, two novel LMNA variants, C591F and R644C exhibit pleiotropic effects, with mutation carriers developing a wide spectrum of cardiomyopathies, including both DCM and HCM [73,74], implying external stimuli as a potential pathogenic co-driver.