TNF and periodontitis: The results showed that young mice with periodontitis induced by ligation and P. gingivalis LPS had significantly elevated secretion of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) markers, including pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, as well as osteoclastogenic RANKL, and a higher number of osteoclasts compared to periodontitis mice induced by ligature alone.