VEGFA and cervical cancer: In cervical cancer cells, the E6 oncoprotein can upregulate the expression of ERK and both the E6 and E7 oncoproteins can regulate hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), interleukine-8 (IL-8), and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which can lead to high rates of proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenesis (Figure 4c) [23,27,28,29];