NR4A1 and atrial fibrillation: While cerebral hypoperfusion, vascular inflammation, cerebral small vessel disease, and several risk factors have been associated with AF and VCI [122], nevertheless, emerging evidence indicates potential mechanisms may uncover how sex differences, hormone levels, and hormone receptor signaling influence the development and progression of AF-related VCI, including changes in anatomy, pathophysiology, disease onset and incidence, disease severity, disease outcome, and response to treatment (Figure 1).