Under high glucose conditions, vascular endothelial cells produce high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, ROS (reactive oxygen species) and high levels of VCAM-1 and E-selectin, which initiate atherosclerosis via adhesion of circulating leukocytes to the endothelium [37]. Here, SELE is linked to atherosclerosis.