IRS1 and Alzheimer disease: Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease in a mice model (APP/PS1 transgenic mice, which is expressing a chimeric mouse/human amyloid precursor protein (Mo/HuAPP695swe) and a mutant human presenilin 1 (PS1-dE9), both directed at the central nervous system neurons) with HNG improved insulin sensitivity in the brain through the regulation of the IRS-1/mTOR (Insulin Receptor Substrate 1/mechanistic target of rapamycin) insulin signalling pathway in the hippocampus [53].