TNF and neoplasm: The infiltrated tumor-associated macrophages are major inflammatory cells that promote the progression of malignancies by supporting tumor growth and shaping the tumor microenvironment by secreting proinflammatory cytokines, including the TNF superfamily, interleukins (i.e., IL-1, IL-8, and IL-6), chemokines (i.e., CXCL-10), prostaglandins, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which promote the development of oral cancers [175,176].