Several of the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, interferon gamma induced protein (IP)-10, interferon (IFN)γ, IL-1β, and TNFα were significantly upregulated in the serum in the BPD group as compared to RA controls and decreased to normal levels after treatment with AVR-48 (Figure 7C). Here, TNF is linked to bronchopulmonary dysplasia.