TNF and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Upon treatment with AVR-48, there was a marked decrease in the master inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NfkB), and pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL)-13, and IL-1β, which are otherwise dramatically increased in BPD group, as compared to RA controls in lung homogenates (Figure 7A,B).