Peripheral monocytes attach to the damaged brain ECs expressing intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), which are the downstream factors of the kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) observed during acute CNS inflammation [41] (Figure 1). Here, VCAM1 is linked to inflammatory response.