STAT1 and Alzheimer disease: In addition, saponarin (100 μM) significantly inhibited the expression of chemokines (MDC, TARC) and cytokines (IL-33 and TSLP) as well as the phosphorylation of signaling effectors (ERK, p38 and STAT1) in HaCaT cells stimulated with TNF-α and IFN-γ, which are essential for the development of AD.