In multiple randomized controlled trials, fiber consumption decreased LDL cholesterol [36], postprandial glucose and insulin [37], while some meta-analyses have reported inverse associations between fiber and risk of metabolic syndrome [38], decrease in BMI, body weight, fasting glucose, fasting insulin [39] and lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure [40], all risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Here, INS is linked to metabolic syndrome.