TNF and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Conversely, a higher expression of TNF-α in ALS patients compared to HCs was found after stimulation with HERV-K env 109–126 (ALS vs. HCs mean ± SD = 0.151 ± 0.076 vs. 0.0990 ± 0.027; p = 0.016) (Figure 3f).