CEACAM5 and cancer: Various clinical studies have explored the utilisation of blood-based biomarkers, such as carbohydrate antigen 15-3 and carcinoembryonic antigen for primary cancer diagnosis and metastatic disease detection [59,60,61,62,63,64], while the association between serum human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) levels and tumour HER2 status has also been studied [65,66,67,68].