Figure 5A shows that the higher ECG-HbA1c groups exhibit higher BMI, higher prevalence of CKD/HF/HTN, worse kidney function (eGFR and blood urea nitrogen), lower Alb, and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with the lower ECG-HbA1c groups, which are the risk factors for DM-related complications. This evidence concerns the gene ALB and chronic kidney disease.