In comparison to mice on control diets, the wheat- or ATI-containing diets increased inflammation in intestinal tissues of WT mice with colitis; wheat and ATIs also promoted an increase in colitis-related microbial taxa in the feces of colitic WT mice. ATIs also inhibited proliferation of specific human commensal bacteria. Colitis severity was not affected by the ATI-containing diet in Tlr4−/− mice lacking TLR4. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and colitis.