CXCL8 and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency: In turn, NE itself can amplify the cycle of inflammation in AATD by stimulating the production of immune cell chemotactic factors, including leukotriene B4, by AATD alveolar macrophages [24] and neutrophils [25], and the production of the potent chemokine interleukin-8 by epithelial cells [26].