A meta-analysis showed that CKD patients (including those on dialysis) had a 1.04 higher risk of CV mortality associated with an increase of 1 pmol/L in OPG concentration, which indicated a positive relationship between OPG levels and vascular calcification through mediating the process of osteoclastogenesis, osteoblast activation and osteoclast-like formation [34]. Here, TNFRSF11B is linked to chronic kidney disease.