Pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, and IL-18), detected in the heart of patients with heart failure (but not in non-failing hearts), can induce compensatory cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in the setting of cardiac injury [73,74,75]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and heart failure.