INS and diabetes mellitus: In order to evaluate the effect of metformin treatment on the MoCA score, we divided our patients according to their glycemic status and drug treatment, as follows: metformin-treated HG patients (MoCA score: 18.32 ± 3.9), insulin-treated HG patients (MoCA score: 14.94 ± 3.8), NG patients with DM (MoCA score: 17.45 ± 3.1), and NG patients without DM (MoCA score: 20.11 ± 3.3).