Using a murine model of ER+ BCa, loss of RANK signaling in tumor cells was shown to increase leukocytes, lymphocytes, and CD8+ T cells and to reduce immunosuppressive macrophage and neutrophil infiltration [10], again suggesting that RANKL inhibition may increase the anti-tumor effect of immunotherapies in BCa through a tumor cell-mediated effect. This evidence concerns the gene TNFSF11 and neoplasm.