However, in these cells selective HSP90 inhibition reverses the inductive effect of indoxyl sulfate on monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), α-smooth muscle actin, collagen I, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) expression, thus indicating that HSP90 contributes to kidney inflammation and fibrosis at the cellular level [72]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and inflammation.