OPTN and sarcoma: The precise mechanism of ALS remains unclear, but most ALS related genes are implicated in mitophagy regulation including superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene [143], TAR DNA binding protein 43(TDP-43) gene [144], fused in sarcoma/translated in liposarcoma (FUS/TLS) gene [145], optineurin (OPTN) gene [101], and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) gene [146], etc. Notably, OPTN mediates the formation of autophagosome that devours the unwanted mitochondria, then sequesters it from the cytosol, ensuring subsequent degradation [147].