HMGB1 has been studied extensively because it has a clear relationship with insulin resistance and diabetes, obesity and polycystic ovarian syndrome, as well as immunological conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), RA and infectious diseases, including in COVID-19 [94,95,96,97,98,99]. Here, HMGB1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.