To address this issue, Zhu et al. [93] developed a frequency shift Raman-based sensing (SERS) method which responses three important challenges of liver cancer diagnostics: multiplex serum miRNA quantification for early-stage HCC detection; simultaneous quantification of serum miRNA and AFP in HCC patients; and quantification of serum miRNA for discrimination between HCC and ICC. This evidence concerns the gene AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma.