Neurobiological interest in numerous functional roles of the PNNs themselves continues to grow and the possible contributions of neocortical circuits, comprised of projections of fast-spiking, parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic inhibitory neurons to assemblies of pyramidal neurons, to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder [3,4,15,16]. The gene discussed is PVALB; the disease is autism spectrum disorder.