VHL and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: Since ccRCC is characterized by mutations in proteins that alter epigenetic modifications such as methylation and /or chromatin remodeling, we examined the expression of ccRCC with wildtype and mutated forms of BRCA1 associated protein-1 (BAP1); lysine-specific demethylase 5C (KDMC5); mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (MTOR); polybromo 1 (PBRM1); SET domain containing 2, histone lysine methyltransferase (SETD2); and von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL) genes (Figure 5).