CSF2 and malaria: The cytokine is essential for differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells to erythrocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and megakaryocytes [58] and its priming activity on terminally differentiated myeloid cells is well recognised [58,59] and the rationale for inclusion of one plasmid DNA encoding human GM-CSF in a multivalent DNA malaria vaccine [60].