Genes that encode the protein-binding activity modulator, such as Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor (EHI_035800), Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (EHI_005910), or Ras GTPase-activating protein (EHI_105250): These proteins have their product oxidized in acute AF trophozoites [28]. This evidence concerns the gene ARHGEF28 and atrial fibrillation.