These include combinations of two checkpoint inhibitors simultaneously targeting the PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 axes (or triple therapy with stereotactic radiation), combined with small molecule inhibitors (i.e., TGF-β receptor 1 kinase or Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors), combined with an oncolytic virus, combined with chemokine antagonists, with CD40 agonists or with cancer vaccines. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and cancer.