Altogether, these stromal cells dampen activity and expansion of T-cells, e.g., by secretion of inhibitory cytokines and chemokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-13, IL-17, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)), remodelling of the ECM or by upregulation of immune checkpoints such as programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) thereby preventing successful elimination of tumour cells [19]. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.