ATG5 and lung carcinoma: In osteosarcoma, lung carcinoma, and neuroblastoma cells, GO and GNF increased the protein levels of ATG3, ATG5, and/or ATG7 [29,43,44,45], which are required for lipidation of ATG8 family proteins, including LC3, and their subsequent association with the membrane of autophagic vesicles [50].