TRAF6 and colon carcinoma: It has been reported that GO nanoparticles trigger autophagy in colon carcinoma and macrophage leukemia cells through TLR4/TLR9-dependent activation of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), initiating the subsequent nuclear translocation of NF-κB [33,36].