TNF and colonic neoplasm: In these models, C3-KO-associated CD8+ T-cell-mediated killing was found to be associated with loss of TNF and IFN-γ signaling pathways in mouse cell lines (MC38-Cas9) of colon cancer [102], while C5-KO-associated T-cell killing was found to be correlated with loss of PDL1, Ptpn2, and NF-κB signaling in a melanoma cell line [103].