TNF and Cachexia: While we utilized IL-1β as a conceptual framework for CNS bioamplification of peripheral signals during cachexia, there are undoubtedly other inflammatory cytokines that undergo similar amplification events by the brain, including TNF-α, IL-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)—mechanistic review of these cytokines in the brain can be found in recent reviews [2,5].