For instance, Zhang et al. demonstrated that although TGF-β mediates activation of SMAD3 in pancreatic carcinoma cells with subsequent cell growth arrest, increased TGF-β can also activate SMAD7, which induces nuclear translocation of β-catenin and promotes vascularization and metastasis through the induction of VEGF-A [75]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is exocrine pancreatic carcinoma.