TGFB1 and colorectal carcinoma: Mutations in TβRII is the most common mechanism of loss of TGF-β signaling in CRC [117,118,119], and inactivating mutations in this gene contribute to the malignant phenotype when combined with the activation of multiple signaling pathways such as Wnt-β-catenin, MAPK, or Hippo pathways [120].