The authors demonstrated that CXXC5 acts as a tumor suppressor by associating with the histone deacetylase HDAC1 and competing with it for the interaction with SMAD2/3 protein complex, thus abolishing the inhibitory effect of the deacetylase on TGF-β signaling and leading to apoptosis and growth inhibition [96]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.