BRCA1 and breast carcinoma: Similarly, in a concurrently published study, Cancer Risk Estimates Related to Susceptibility (CARRIERS) reported that in addition to BRCA1 and BRCA2, which were highly associated with breast cancer risk (odds ratio 7.62 and 5.23, respectively), pathogenic variants in PALB2 and CHEK2 were associated with a moderate risks of breast cancer (odds ratio of 3.83 and 2.47, respectively) [48].